Cyberspace: A Phishing War Zone of the 21st Century: Is Africa Ready for this?
Joseph Olajide Italoye
Abstract:
cyber weaponry. Conclusively, recommendations were made for African states on an effective formation and management of cyber armies and how to enhance cyber sovereignty protection of the African cyber-space in readiness for cyber warfare.
Keywords: Cyber Space, Cyber Warfare, African states, Offensive cyber Operation, Defensive cyber Operation
The Ninth Amendment and Conceived Children: Legal Theory and Civil Action
Lawrence Cronin
Abstract:
This article proposes that the people have an unenumerated right to legally define themselves under the Ninth Amendment. Part I lays the legal foundation for this right. Part II discusses legal, peaceful civil actions by which people may exercise their Ninth Amendment rights based upon Supreme Court precedents.
Keywords: Ninth amendment; human rights; Roe v. Wade; pro-life; abortion
Effectiveness of Reformative Measures on Delinquent Young Person: Case Study Borstal Training Institute Abeokuta
Mercilyn Idonije-Ambrose, Dorcas Odunaike, Ph.D
Abstract:
United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2009 report shows that the Nigerian juvenile justice system is in a state of ‘crisis.’ Existing studies on juvenile delinquency identifies operational, resource and capacity challenges in the Borstal institution as the major cause of this crisis. Lack of community-based recreation programmes coupled with the optional form of punishment for youth criminals (other than
imprisonment) also contribute to these challenges. This paper proposes a nexus between inefficient correctional institute and reformation. The study set out using a descriptive survey research design and unstructured interviews to examine the peculiarities of the Borstal Institute located at Adigbe Abeokuta viz-a-viz the reformative measures on delinquent young persons.
Keyword: Effectiveness; juvenile; reformative measures; delinquency
An Appraisal on the Effect of Unitization of Oil and Gas Fields in Nigeria
Rufus Adeoluwa Olodude
Abstract:
Unitization or pooling in oil and gas is both a statutory and regulatory response to the hardship or mischief hitherto posed by the English Common law Capture Rule in the exploration, exploitation and production of oil and gas mineral resources. Unitization of oil and gas therefore deals with issues relating to pooling together of different (units) oil fields within the constituent of a whole oil block under one or more Oil Mining leases (OMLs), licenses or contracts. It is the purport of this paper to examine the effect of unitization in the oil and
gas field with particular reference to the Nigeria experience. It is of note that the paper found out that unitization agreement can only be beneficial to the contracting parties if all possible unforeseen circumstances are sufficiently provided for in the terms of agreement. It is important to state that if thorough findings are not carried out in the preliminary stage as regarding the oil field this might lead to redetermination of interest. Thus, this makes the process more cumbersome and more expensive in implementing. Thus the paper recommends that a detailed framework be spelt out as to the content of Unitization Agreement in Nigeria.
gas field with particular reference to the Nigeria experience. It is of note that the paper found out that unitization agreement can only be beneficial to the contracting parties if all possible unforeseen circumstances are sufficiently provided for in the terms of agreement. It is important to state that if thorough findings are not carried out in the preliminary stage as regarding the oil field this might lead to redetermination of interest. Thus, this makes the process more cumbersome and more expensive in implementing. Thus the paper recommends that a detailed framework be spelt out as to the content of Unitization Agreement in Nigeria.
Keywords: Unitization, Oil and Gas, Pooling